Fault calculations & protective relays co-ordination studies:

Fault classifications: faults can be classified into symmetrical short circuit currents producing faults and unsymmetrical ones, another method of classification is whether it is of the shunt or series types. Shunt types faults can be further classified into: single line to ground, line to line, double line to ground, three phase grounded or ungrounded. The series types can be an open phase on one line or 2 open phases. These faults can be bolted or faulty through a resistance (impedance).

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